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Concrete construction chemicals

15 Types of Cement in construction

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are many types of cement produces to fulfill the needs in construction Industry. By changing compositions and adding substances different types of cement forms.

The Types of Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement
Acid Resistance Cement
Rapid Hardening Cement
Sulpher Resisting Cement
White Cement
Colour Cement
High Strength Cement
High Alumina Cement
Quick Setting Cement
Hydrophobic Cement
Expansive Cement
Masonry Cement
Blast Furnace Cement
Low Heating Cement
Air-entraining Cement
Pozzolana Cement

1. Ordinary Portland cement

It is the most common type of cement use. It produces in different grades. The most common is Grade-53, 43 and 33. It uses for construction of residential, commercial and other constructions. It forms by burning clay and limestone at high temperature. And grinding it with Gypsum.

2. Acid Resistance Cement

It uses for acid-resistance in the chemical industry. It uses for the storage of acids and chemicals in large Tanks. And it prevents white blooming and efflorescence in storage tanks.

3. Rapid Hardening Cement

It uses in the urgent repair works, concreting in cold weather. And it attains high strength quickly. It mainly uses in the field of Marine structures, airfield, highway pavements and in bridge decks.

4. Sulpher Resisting Cement

It uses in the structure affects by sulfate attacks. It uses mainly in the construction of water supply, sewage treatment plant, dams, and Lining of canals.

5. White Cement

It is white in color. And does not contains any coloring chemicals. It uses for architectural decorative purposes and in aerodromes. It is costly.

6. color Cement

This cement contains coloring pigments. The amount of coloring material varies from 5 to 10%. chromium gives green color. Cobalt gives a blue color. And iron oxides give a brown color. It uses in swimming pools, garden parks, tennis courts, and for finishing of floors and external surfaces.

7. Hige Strength Cement

High Strength Cement uses in the construction of special types of work to increase the strength of the structure. It uses for multi-story complex, railway sleepers, prestressed concrete and precast constructions.

8. High Alumina Cement

It contains 32% of alumina in it. Its setting time is more than 3.5 hours. And gives more time for mixing and placing of operations. It generates a large amount of heat mixing with water. So it not affects by frost. It uses in chemical plants and furnace insulations.

9. Quick Setting Cement

It sets quickly. And consist of less amount of gypsum. The initial setting time is 5 minutes. And final setting time is 30 minutes. It mainly uses int the construction of a bridge across river and sea.

10. Hydrophobic Cement

Hydrophobic Cement mainly uses to store cement for a long time in wet climatic conditions. And at aqua constructions.

11. Expansive Cement

On curing cement shrinks normally. But in this type of cement, it expands on curing. It mainly uses for water retaining structures like sumps, dams water tanks and for repairing concrete structures.

12. Masonry Cement

It has high workability, plasticity, and water retaining properties. It uses in preparing of cement mortar and plaster.

13. Blast Furnace Cement

It produces by adding slag obtains from the blast furnace. And consists of alumina, silica, and lime. It gains strength slowly. So it not uses in RCC structures.

14. Low Heating Cement

It uses to reduce the heat produces at setting time of concrete. It has low compressive strength. And uses mainly for mass concrete works.

15. Air-entraining Cement

It is a type of Portland cement. It contains an additive that causes small air bubbles in wet concrete. The bubbles relive internal pressure on concrete by providing tiny chambers. For the expansion of water when it freezes. It gives high resistance to severe frost action.

civil techniques

Cement and uses in Construction

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Cement is an important material in the building construction. It is a fine powder. And use to hold the construction materials together. It is the main component of concrete. And it is an economic material using in construction.

It is an important material in the construction. And replace clay and lime uses in construction from old times. It has an ability to hold the structure together.

And occurs by burning the mixture of limestone and clay at high temperature. And it forms a product clinker. A specific quantity of gypsum adds with it and reduce to fine particles known as Cement. The most popular type is Portland Cement. On setting and hardening, it occurs like sandstone in Portland in England and denotes as Portland Cement.

Cement uses

It uses as a basic building material in the construction of structures. Mainly structures like, dams, bridges, apartments, water tanks, cooling towers, and chimneys.

Mortar obtains by mixing it with sand, water and use for masonry works. And mainly plastering of inner faces, outer faces of wall and ceilings.

Quick setting cement prefers for underwater construction and bridges across river and sea.

Expansive cements use to repair damage concrete structures.

It uses in jointing of the concrete pipes.

Cement concrete use for laying roofs, floors, columns, beams, slab, foundation, staircase and more.

White and Rapid hardening cement use for decorative purposes and for quick construction.

To provide color finishes to floors like swimming pools, outer surfaces of building a special type of color cement employs.

It uses in the construction of precast concrete pipes, drainage sewers.

High strength cement uses to repair damage concrete structures. And in the construction of the multi-story complex.

Use in railway platforms, fencing posts and seats in the parks.

It uses to manufacture precast Elements, Pcc and Rcc.

Construction materials

Test For Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are many Test For Bricks. Test conduct on bricks to obtain suitability of bricks employing in the construction of various structural elements. These test conduct in site and laboratory at the time of purchasing of materials. And in the time of construction of several structures. It is necessary to conduct the test for bricks to produce a good quality and strong structure.

Test For Bricks

There are several tests for bricks they are,

Compressive or crushing Test
Hardness Test
Durability
Sound Test
Water Absorption Test
Structure and
Presence of chemicals

1. Compressive or crushing Test

The Compressive or crushing Test performs in a compression testing machine. The load applies on the top surface of the brick. The maximum load at which the brick breaks marks. The Compressive or crushing Test calculate by

The compressive or crushing strength of brick = Maximum Load / Surface Area

The Minimum crushing strength of brick is 3.50N/mm². If the Compressive or crushing strength is lesser than 3.50N/mm², the brick fails and not useful for construction.

2. Hardness Test

Hardness Test is a simple test. A good brick is more resistance to abrasion. Sharp object scratches the surface of bricks and if there is no impression on brick then it’s a Hard Brick.

3. Durability

The Durability test is by dropping the brick from a height of one meter on a flat hard surface.

4. Sound Test

Sound Test performs by striking bricks with each other or with a hammer. A clear ringing or a metallic sound hear striking with another brick.

5. Water Absorption Test

In Water Absorption Test the brick weights and soak in water for twenty-four hours. The Difference in weight indicates the amount of water absorbs by brick. The percentage of water Absorption is lesser than twenty percent for a good quality Brick.

6. Structure

It’s a physical test for bricks for its size, shape, and color. Brick possess standard shape, uniform size, plain surfaces and sharp edges. It is rectangular in shape and copper color. The standard size of a good quality Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 9cm. And it tests for voids, cracks, and any other foreign matters present in it.

7. Presence of chemicals

In this test, the brick soaks in water for one day and dry in shade. If the presence of grey or white deposits spots it indicates the presence of chemicals.

Construction materials

Qualities of Good Brick

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are certain Qualities of Good Brick. A Good Brick has certain physical and chemical properties. Bricks use in new constructions and make renovations right across the world. Brick is a soundproof, fire resisting material. As it posses these characteristics it uses to construct partition walls in Industries. And employes for home extensions, walls of different thickness, other home building projects. It is cheap, hard, durable and easy to handle and to work with. These properties make brick a leading building material.

Qualities of Good Brick

The Qualities of a Good Brick base on its

Size and Shape
Color of Brick
Sound
Strength
Durability
Good Brick Earth
Water absorption
Resistivity

1. Size and Shape

Brick has a standard shape, uniform size, plain surfaces and sharp edges. It is rectangular in shape. The standard size of a good quality Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.

2. Color of Brick

The natural variations in aggregates vary throughout the globe, so colors of Bricks vary. The normal brick is copper color. The color varies in several classifications of bricks. Low-quality and fourth class bricks are dark in color.

3. Sound

A good quality Brick gives a clear ringing sound struck with another brick. A metallic sound hears clearly striking a brick with a hammer.

4. Strength

A good quality Brick is hard and strong. Scratching on the surface of bricks there are no impressions on faces. It has a relatively high compressive strength.

5. Durability

It has a certain durability. Dropping from a height of one meter on a flat hard surface it never breaks. It is a homogenous and well compact structure free from cracks and voids.

6. Good Brick Earth

It is well burnt in clamps and kilns. And free from earth containing organic matters, foreign materials, and chemical salts.

7. Water Absorption

Water more than twenty percent not absorbs by immersing the brick in cold water for twenty-four hours.

8. Resistivity

A good quality Brick is a soundproof and fire resistant. It is a good abrasion resistant material.

Construction materials

Classification of Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are many Classification of Bricks base on the method of manufacturing. Brick manufacture in different types of methods with a different kind of machines and handmade. And there are two major types of bricks from the old traditional construction field. They are Burnt bricks and Unburnt bricks.

Classification of Bricks

Burnt Bricks and
Unburnt Bricks

Burnt Bricks

The Burnt Bricks uses in all types of construction works. Burnt Bricks burnt in clamps or in kilns. It classifies into four major categories. They are,

First Class Bricks
Second Class Bricks
Third Class Bricks and
Fourth Class Bricks.

1. First Class Bricks

First Class Bricks molds with standard shape and size. They have sharp edges and regular shapes with a smooth surface. It is in copper color and free from cracks, voids and other foreign matters in it. It gives a clear ringing sound struck with another brick. And there is no need of plastering first class bricks. It uses in high-quality permanent structures and for decorative purposes. First Class Bricks posses all good qualities of Bricks.

2. Second Class Bricks

Second Class Bricks mold in the ground and burn in kilns. It posses a rough surface and slightly irregular shape. It employs mainly in the construction of walls of framed structures. Second Class Bricks use in the construction of a wall of different thickness in residential buildings. It is necessary plaster the walls of Second Class Bricks.

3. Third Class Bricks

Third Class Bricks use in low-cost construction buildings. It is ground mold burnt in kilns. It is irregular in shape with a rough surface. The edges are not perfect. It sounds dull struck with another brick.

4. Fourth Class Bricks

Fourth Class Bricks are over burnt bricks. It is in dark color with irregular shapes. Fourth Class Bricks uses for weatherproofing course in the terrace of buildings.

Unburnt Bricks

Unburnt bricks molds in standard mold. It dries in open atmosphere in sunlight. It is handmade and does not has standard size and shape. Unburnt bricks are known as country bricks. It is low cost and has very low strength. Unburnt bricks use in the construction of temporary and low-cost structures.

Construction materials

Brick in Constructions

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

A Brick is a construction material employs in the construction of several structures. It is an old traditional building material used in the construction of walls. Bricks consider as a major construction material because of its physical and chemical character. It posses high strength, durability and fire resistance. Easily available at low cost and considers as leading building material.

Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds. It constructs with various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together. And to make a durable structure. The basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.

Constituents of Brick

Bricks consist of various components in it. They are,

Alumina
Silica
Lime
Oxide of iron
Magnesia

1. Alumina

A brick earth contains about 20-30% of Alumina. It offers plasticity to the bricks and molds easily into any shape. Alumina is also naming as clay.

2. Silica

Silica is a major constitute present in it. It occurs in clay in a free or combined form. And contains 50-60% of silica. It gives size to bricks and a uniform shape. It prevents cracking, shrinking, and warping of brick.

3. Oxides of iron

The brick contains a few iron oxides in it. This gives the red color to it. It considers as the main ingredient.

4. Magnesia

A small quantity of magnesia is presenting in it. It is yellowish in color and it reduces shrinkage of bricks.

Uses of Bricks

Bricks employes for construction of walls of different thickness.

It uses for construction of partition walls in ordinary and multi-story framed structure.

Uses for insulation purposes for its lightweight properties.

Use in pavements as it offers more resistance to abrasion.

Mold in the shape of a gutter and use for drains.

Sand-lime bricks use for decorative purposes in buildings.

Use as a weather course in the terrace of buildings.

Uses in the construction of furnace in factories and industries.