Construction materials

Classification of Bricks

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are many Classification of Bricks base on the method of manufacturing. Brick manufacture in different types of methods with a different kind of machines and handmade. And there are two major types of bricks from the old traditional construction field. They are Burnt bricks and Unburnt bricks.

Classification of Bricks

Burnt Bricks and
Unburnt Bricks

Burnt Bricks

The Burnt Bricks uses in all types of construction works. Burnt Bricks burnt in clamps or in kilns. It classifies into four major categories. They are,

First Class Bricks
Second Class Bricks
Third Class Bricks and
Fourth Class Bricks.

1. First Class Bricks

First Class Bricks molds with standard shape and size. They have sharp edges and regular shapes with a smooth surface. It is in copper color and free from cracks, voids and other foreign matters in it. It gives a clear ringing sound struck with another brick. And there is no need of plastering first class bricks. It uses in high-quality permanent structures and for decorative purposes. First Class Bricks posses all good qualities of Bricks.

2. Second Class Bricks

Second Class Bricks mold in the ground and burn in kilns. It posses a rough surface and slightly irregular shape. It employs mainly in the construction of walls of framed structures. Second Class Bricks use in the construction of a wall of different thickness in residential buildings. It is necessary plaster the walls of Second Class Bricks.

3. Third Class Bricks

Third Class Bricks use in low-cost construction buildings. It is ground mold burnt in kilns. It is irregular in shape with a rough surface. The edges are not perfect. It sounds dull struck with another brick.

4. Fourth Class Bricks

Fourth Class Bricks are over burnt bricks. It is in dark color with irregular shapes. Fourth Class Bricks uses for weatherproofing course in the terrace of buildings.

Unburnt Bricks

Unburnt bricks molds in standard mold. It dries in open atmosphere in sunlight. It is handmade and does not has standard size and shape. Unburnt bricks are known as country bricks. It is low cost and has very low strength. Unburnt bricks use in the construction of temporary and low-cost structures.

Construction materials

Brick in Constructions

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

A Brick is a construction material employs in the construction of several structures. It is an old traditional building material used in the construction of walls. Bricks consider as a major construction material because of its physical and chemical character. It posses high strength, durability and fire resistance. Easily available at low cost and considers as leading building material.

Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds. It constructs with various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together. And to make a durable structure. The basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.

Constituents of Brick

Bricks consist of various components in it. They are,

Alumina
Silica
Lime
Oxide of iron
Magnesia

1. Alumina

A brick earth contains about 20-30% of Alumina. It offers plasticity to the bricks and molds easily into any shape. Alumina is also naming as clay.

2. Silica

Silica is a major constitute present in it. It occurs in clay in a free or combined form. And contains 50-60% of silica. It gives size to bricks and a uniform shape. It prevents cracking, shrinking, and warping of brick.

3. Oxides of iron

The brick contains a few iron oxides in it. This gives the red color to it. It considers as the main ingredient.

4. Magnesia

A small quantity of magnesia is presenting in it. It is yellowish in color and it reduces shrinkage of bricks.

Uses of Bricks

Bricks employes for construction of walls of different thickness.

It uses for construction of partition walls in ordinary and multi-story framed structure.

Uses for insulation purposes for its lightweight properties.

Use in pavements as it offers more resistance to abrasion.

Mold in the shape of a gutter and use for drains.

Sand-lime bricks use for decorative purposes in buildings.

Use as a weather course in the terrace of buildings.

Uses in the construction of furnace in factories and industries.

civil techniques

Jet Grout Soil Nailing

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

The Jet Grout Soil Nailing method use for eroding the soil for creating holes in the slope surface. Steel bars install in this hole and grout with concrete. It provides good corrosion protection for the steel bars. Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the insertion of steel reinforcing bars.

Soil nailing uses to stabilize existing slopes and excavations. The top-to-bottom construction is advantageous compares to the other retaining wall systems.

As construction proceeds from the top to bottom, shotcrete or concrete applies to the excavation face to provide continuity. In short Soil, Nailing increases the shearing resistance of soil by acting in tension.

In the present construction times, soil nailing employes large in railway construction work. It uses for the stabilization of side lopes in existing track-road. And laying of new tracks adjoining to an existing one.

Types of Jet Grout Soil Nailing

There are three types of Jet Grouting Soil Nailing, they are,

Single fluid jet grouting
Double fluid jet grouting and
Triple fluid jet grouting.

1. SIngle fluid jet grouting

In this Single fluid jet grouting, the grouting takes place by using grout. In this method of the single jet grouting, the grout force into the soil with the very high-speed mechanism. And grouting carries out.

2. Double fluid jet grouting

In Double fluid jet grouting, the grouting takes place by using Air and grout. In this method of the double jet grouting, the grout and air force into the soil with the very high-speed mechanism.

3. Triple fluid jet grouting

In Triple fluid jet grouting, the grouting takes place by using Air, Water, and grout. In this method of the triple jet grouting, the grout, air, and water forces into the soil with the very high-speed mechanism.

civil techniques

Soil Nailing

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Soil nailing is a construction technique to reinforce soil to make it stable and strong. Soil nailing technique uses for slopes and excavations alongside highways, railway lines. It uses for, excavations, retaining walls slopes, to make it more strong and stable.

The soil reinforces with slender elements like reinforcing bars name as nails. These reinforcing bars install into pre-drill holes and grouts. The nails install at an inclination of ten to twenty degrees with vertical reinforcement.

Soil Nailing employes when requiring slopes for excavation cannot provide due to space constraints. And employes in the construction of retaining wall. It is an alternative to retaining wall structures.

At excavation, the shotcrete, concrete and grouting materials apply to the excavation face to grout the reinforcing steel and nails. It provides stability to the steep soil slope.

Types of Soil Nailing:

There are various types of soil nailing techniques:

Grouted Soil Nailing
Driven Nails
Self-drilling Soil Nail
Jet Grouted Soil Nail
Launched Soil Nail

1. Grouted Soil Nailing

In this type, the holes drills in walls or slope face and nails inserts in the pre-drill holes. These holes fill with grouting materials like concrete and shotcrete.

2. Driven Nails:

Driven nailing use for temporary stabilization of soil slopes. In this method, the nails drive in the slope face at the time of excavation. This method is very fast. It does not provide corrosion protection to the reinforcement steel and nails.

3. Self-drilling Soil Nail:

In this method, the hollow bars use. Hollow bars drills into the slope surface and grout inject simultaneously during the drilling process. This method of soil nailing is faster than grout nailing. This method provides more corrosion resistance to nails than driven nails.

4. Jet Grouted Soil Nail:

In this method, jets use for eroding the soil for creating holes in the slope surface. Steel bars install in this hole and grouts with concrete. It provides good corrosion protection for the steel bars and nails.

5. Launched Soil Nail:

In this method, the steel bars force into the soil with high speed using compressed air mechanism. The installation of soil nails is fast. And control over the length of bar penetrating the ground is difficult.

civil techniques

Bitumen Requirements

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

There are many Bitumen Requirements in the construction of pavements. A bitumen mix use in the construction of flexible pavement. It serves the following needs.

Strength
Drainage and
Friction

Bitumen Requirments

The main Bitumen Requirements are,

1. Strength

It is one of the important Requirements for construction of flexible pavements. The bitumen layer composes of three main courses. They are,

Surface course
Binder and
Base course

Purpose of bitumen mix is to give Strength to pavements. And load dispersion throughout the layers of the pavement. The loads are dynamic or static loads. It transfers to the base subgrade through the aggregate course. A granular base with a bituminous surface course provides for roads of low traffic. It is sufficient and economical.

There is a higher amount of bitumen content in the wearing course. This makes the layer more flexible. This helps in increasing the durability.

2. Drainage

It is draining of water collects on the ground. The water is from excess rainfall, over irrigation, seepage from areas at higher levels. The water standing on roads causes damages to pavements. And increase maintenance cost.

Subsurface drainage facilitates using granular sub base in the construction of flexible pavement. Permeable asphalt treated base uses to provide positive surface drainage on major highways. This behaves as a separate course for facilitating subsurface drainage.

3. Friction

It is one of the important Requirements for construction of pavements. At vehicle passage in wet conditions, it needs the layer to provide slip resistance and friction. This makes the safety of the passengers.

The large and small size of asphalt mix gives the friction. On mixing the large and small mixture it forms a waterproof layer. The large surface mix uses to squeeze the water out from the bottom of a vehicle wheel.

civil techniques

Bituminous Materials

abbu riyaz 1 May, 2023

Bituminous Materials are of different types. Bituminous Materials is available in a variety of types and grades. The different types of Bituminous Materials are explaining in this post.

Bituminous Materials

The different types of Bituminous Materials are

Asphalt
Bitumen
Cutback Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Tar

1. Asphalt

It is a mechanical mixture of inter mineral matter. There are two categories of asphalt, they are (a) Natural Asphalt and (b) Residual asphalt. The natural asphalt obtains naturally. The residual asphalt occurs by fractional distillation of crude petroleum oil with an asphalt base.

2. Bitumen

It is a complex organic material occurs naturally and artificially at the distillation of petroleum. These bitumen posses some desirable properties. They are,

Durability
Good adhesion with aggregate
Better compaction and
Easy mixability

3. Cutback Bitumen

Bitumen mix with a volatile solvent is cutback bitumen. This enables its application considerable at low temperature. Base on quantity, character, and volatility, the cutback bitumen divides into three types. They are,

Rapid Curing (RC) cutback bitumen
Medium Curing (MC) cutback bitumen
Slow Curing (SC) cutback bitumen

4. Bitumen Emulsion

A liquid product form by mixing molten bitumen with hot water in the presence of an emulsifying agent. It consists of soap or resinous bodies. On application, the water evaporates the emulsion breaks up and bitumen left in place. The change of color from chocolate brown to black indicates the breaking of the emulsion. Its classifications are,

Rapid setting (RS)
Medium setting (MS) and
Slow setting (SS)

The main advantage of the emulsion is it employes at the wet weather and it rains. These materials use for maintenance and repair works.

5. Tar

A dark, thick flammable liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons, resins, alcohols, and other compounds. This obtains by destructive distillation of coal, oil, petroleum wood and other organic materials. It is brown or black bituminous material with high viscosity. It uses in road-making and for coating. And has great variation in viscosity.