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Components of Air Transport
Airways

Components of Air Transport

21 Feb, 2024

The Components of Air Transport Discusses in this Post. It consists of major components like, the Runways, Apron, Hangars, Terminal buildings, taxiways and parking, etc,. The Airport is a place that serves the aircraft in all aspects. It provides the enough space and acts like shelters to the aircraft. This accommodates various components inside it.

These provides necessary accommodations for the aircraft’s and the passengers. And fulfills all their needs. It serves the teams working together as various departments inside the airports in all aspects. And satisfying all the airlines for their aircraft’s from its starting to the ending stages. And serves the passengers in travelling from their arrivals, departure to various destinations all around the globe.

Components of Air Transport

The major components are discuss as follows,

1. Apron

The Apron is the aircraft parking area. It’s a independent area operates for all slow moving operations like, transferring the passengers and the goods inside aircraft.

Apron acts like a platform for the passengers to board inside the aircraft from the terminal buildings. It acts as station for the loading and the unloading operations. The passengers luggage and the baggage lodes and unloads here. And all other materials, air mail and the cargoes ships here.

2. Runways

The Runways is an area access for safe landing and takeoff of the aircraft without any disturbance and traffics. This consists of flashing lights of different colors.

These helps to perform the landing and the takeoff operations at the night times. All ground movements of the aircraft carryout here. It is a secure area accessing only for the landing and the takeoff operations.

3.Hangars

The Hangars are huge sheds.It provides the shelters for the aircraft. It constructs with the MS ROOF TRUSS and the Pre Engineered Building (PEB). This builds with light weight steel structures. And its roofs covers with G.I sheets, Puff panels. It provides large spaces for accommodation of aircraft.

And it locates closer to terminal building and apron. All the maintenance, repairs, fuelling of the aircraft carryout here. And provides various slots for the aircraft in same areas for, the assembling, equipping and the upgrade processing.

4. Terminal buildings

This facilitates necessary and the important functioning areas like, the Admin spaces of air transports to services their customers. And Office spaces of all the departments. This includes the passenger waiting halls, toilets, restaurants, enquiry counters, etc,.
5. Taxiway

The taxiway is the path that connects hangers, aprons, terminals to the runway. And it is of maximum straight line and short distance connecting runway.

This consists of lights of different colours. These helps to connect runway, hangers, etc at night times. And other ground moving vehicle teams at the dark and in the night times.

6. Parking Areas

This provides necessary parking spaces. And provides shelters to passengers vehicles. And to serve all types of transportation to transport passengers and to distribute traffic from airport to cities.

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks
civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks

1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There  are two major types of bricks,

  1. Modular Bricks and
  2. Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks

Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks

  1. Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
  2. Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
  3. It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
  4. Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
  5. It must possess same colour throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
  6. Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.Procedures for Testing Height of Bricks
  7. Arrange twenty bricks straight in height.
  8. It must be in contact with face of bricks in Height.
  9. Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
  10. Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for Height of bricks

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for height of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the height is 1.8 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.760 to 1.840 MM )

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for height of Standard Non-Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the height is 1.4 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.440 to 1.360 MM )

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks
civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks

1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There  are two major types of bricks,

  1. Modular Bricks and
  2. Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks

  1. Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
  2. Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
  3. It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
  4. Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
  5. It must possess same colour throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
  6. Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.Procedures for Testing Width of Bricks
  7. Arrange twenty bricks straight in width.
  8. It must be in contact with face of bricks in width.
  9. Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
  10. Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for Width of bricks

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for width of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the width is 1.8 M +/- 40 MM. ( 1.760 to 1.840 MM )

A tolerance of 40 mm provides for width of Standard Non – Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the width is 2.2 M +/- 40 MM. ( 2.240 to 2.160 MM )

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks
civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks

1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There  are two major types of bricks,

  1. Modular Bricks and
  2. Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks

  1. Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.
  2. Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,.
  3. It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges.
  4. Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks.
  5. It must possess same color throughout without any irregularity on each faces.
  6. Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.Procedures for Testing Length of Bricks
  7. Arrange twenty bricks straight in length.
  8. It must be in contact with face of bricks in length.Procedures for Testing Bricks
  9. Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
  10. Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.

Tolerance for length of bricks

A tolerance of 80 mm provides for length of Standard Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the length is 3.8 M +/- 80 MM. ( 3.720 to 3.880 MM )

A tolerance of 80 mm provides for length of Standard Non-Modular Size brick. For twenty bricks the length is 4.6 M +/- 80 MM. ( 4.520 to 4.680 MM )

Procedures for Testing Bricks
civil techniques

Procedures for Testing Bricks

1 May, 2023

Procedures for Testing Bricks is explains in this post. Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it possess uniform colour on all faces.

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it. The Physical dimension of brick is consider as major aspect.

Bricks possess standard dimension. There  are two major types of bricks,

  1. Modular Bricks and
  2. Non-Modular Bricks

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

Procedures for Testing Bricks

Preparation of bricks

Collect Twenty Bricks Randomly of same Consignment or same brand.  Make sure It is free from damages, cracks, etc,. It must possess plain surface with proper size and sharp edges. Cut all extrudes or projections on sides of bricks. It must possess same color throughout without any irregularity on each faces.

Testing Procedure

  1. Keep Twenty bricks in flat level ground surface.Procedures for Testing Bricks
  2. Arrange twenty bricks it in a straight line for its various dimensionsProcedures for Testing Bricks
  3. It must be in contact with faces of bricks in length, width, height, respectively.
  4. Make sure there is no gap between bricks for measuring the length.
  5. Measure bricks with a Measuring tape.
Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks
civil techniques

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

1 May, 2023

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks discus in this post. Brick has certain physical and chemical properties. Bricks use in latest constructions. It make renovations right across the world. Brick is a soundproof, fire resisting material. As it posses these characteristics it uses to construct partition walls in Industries. And use for home extensions, walls of different thickness. It is cheap, hard, durable and easy to handle and to work with.  These properties make brick a  leading building material.

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

There are some important Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks. The testing’s carryout in bricks are as follows,

  1. Compressive Strength
  2. Water Observation
  3. Physical Dimension and
  4. Efflorescence

1.Compressive Strength

The brick tests for checking its load bearing capacity. This test carries with Compression testing machine. The compressive strength determines by a formula,

                                          compressive strength = Max load at failure / Area of brick at Rectangular face

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

2.Water Observation

This test conducts on bricks to find its water observing percentage. Bricks lays in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds. It constructs with various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together. And to make a durable structure. The bond in between the bricks gets week when brick consumes water from mortar. For these reason water observing percentage must be less for brick. These water observing must not be more than twenty percent of its weight. It calculates using the formula,

 M = ( M2 – M1 ) / ( M1 ) X 100

Where,

M1 – Weight of dry brick

M2 – Weight of Soaked brick

3.Physical Dimension

Bricks have different sizes & Dimensions. It possess plain rectangular faces with sharp edges or corners. And it has uniform colour on all faces. There  are two major types of bricks,

  1. Modular Bricks and
  2. Non-Modular Bricks

The main requirement of brick is that it has to free from, cracks, flaws. And free from foreign materials present inside it.

Standard Modular Bricks

The standard Modular Bricks has different dimensions compares to Non-Modular Bricks. The size of standard Modular Bricks are 190 mm length,110 mm width and 90, 40 mm height.

Standard Non-Modular Bricks

The standard Non – Modular Bricks has different dimensions compare to Modular Bricks. The size of standard Non-Modular Bricks are 230 mm length, 110 mm width and 70,30 mm height.

Procedures for Testing Bricks

For making a uniform bond in-between bricks, Standard Modular Bricks and Non-Modular Bricks combines.

4. Efflorescence

Testing for Burnt Clay Bricks

It is test performs to find the presence of foreign Particles and other chemicals present in it.  In this test, the brick soaks in water for one day and dry in shade. If the presence of grey or white deposits spots it indicates the presence of chemicals.

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